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Demystifying Shamans and Their WorldDemystifying Shamans and Their World:
An Interdisciplinary Study
Adam J Rock and Stanley Krippner
Imprint Academic
 
This is an indispensable study, both scholarly satisfying and thorough in its analysis of conflicting perspectives on shamanism. It deserves to be read by anyone drawn to the subject and its abiding new significance in today's world.
    After all, Rock and Krippner, a senior psychology lecturer and a psychology professor respectively, point out that if the human species is to survive, it will need all the resources it can muster, and shamanic ways of being, knowing and healing are 'too vital to be ignored'.
    Use of the word 'demystifying' in the book's title may at first glance imply a denigration or diminishing of the shaman's status but this is absolutely not the case. The term is used with the commendable aim of gaining a viable understanding of shamanism which could lead to a fuller appreciation of humankind and its potential.
    The authors pay much attention to the issue of 'altered states of consciousness' (ASCs), for which the shamanic ethos has come to be renowned, either through mind-altering plants and substances or trance, and through which 'soul flight' and access to the spirit world and are made possible. Rock and Krippner are at pains to point out that scholars of ASCs, or 'shamanic states of consciousness', have confused consciousness with the content of consciousness, and that 'patterns of phenomenal properties' should be the preferred phrase. It is not 'states'of consciousness which are altering, but its content.
    This has major implications for states of consciousness research, both ongoing and carried out hitherto, and could be controversial. If I drink ayahuasca brew, or opt for meditation, am I altering my state of consciousness or my content of consciousness? Rock and Krippen would say the latter, and that acceptance of this would allow researchers of shamanic states to investigate what they are actually purporting to investigate.
    Shamans appear to have emerged as far back as 30,000 years ago, in the upper palaeolithic period, as evidenced by cave paintings with such shamanic themes as birdmen, wounded men, soul flights and animal and spirit allies. The claim could be made that shamans were the first psychotherapists, physicians, magicians, performing artists, storytellers, time-keepers and weather forecasters! The word 'shaman', however, is a social construct which originated in Siberia and was later applied to a diverse range of 'magico-religious practitioners' worldwide.
    With the arrival of modern science, shamanic practices were condemned as fraud, trickery and delusion. It was assumed they would vanish with the advent of rationality, but they did not, having re-emerged in contemporary society. This is what makes this book both timely and essential in its appraisal of the academic literature on shamanism to date, drawing on fields of psychology, philosophy and anthropology. Its 'demystifying' objective surveys shamanic journeying, mental imagery, healing, dreams and psychic phenomena, and the Western encounter with shamanism.
 
Adrift in SohoBeatniks, Bums and Bohemians series
 
Adrift in Soho
Colin Wilson £8.99
 
The Furnished Room
Laura Del-Rivo £9.99
 
Baron's Court: All Change
Terry Taylor £9.99
 
Five Leaves Publications, New London Editions
 
Beckett, the central character in The Furnished Room, is walking to the Tube when he sees broken glass lying 'like a crystal fortune' in the gutter: 'The wonder of it took him aback. He wanted to shout aloud the miracle of a broken milk bottle.'
    The Furnished RoomThe incident makes him happy, as if 'touched by grace', says the narrator. 'The experience of seeing glass, and others like it, were a compensation. They were the occasional visions into super-reality given to the victims of unreality.'
    In one way or another, the protagonists of all three of these novels could be described as 'victims of unreality', although Harry Preston in Adrift in Soho often seems more of an opponent of unreality than a victim of it. In each case, it is a kind of existential angst that draws them into their adventures in the shabby demi-monde of London's 1950s counter-culture where they seek an escape from the mundanity of everyday living.
    Baron's Court: All ChangeAll three novels were first published in 1961 and reflect the Beat Generation culture which had arrived in England in the previous decade. Adrift in Soho is currently being filmed by Burning Films under director Pablo Behrens. Baron's Court is a cult classic unavailable since a paperback edition in 1965. Bringing out the three titles again, 50 years later, as a matching set under the 'Beatniks, Bums and Bohemians' series title is an inspired move on the part of Five Leaves.
    Beckett says he wants freedom: 'It's only when a man is alone that he can experience the moments of assent. When he understands such experiences, he will know them to be timeless moments of union with God, immanent and transcendent.' The Joycean epiphany, no less, the 'moment of vision' of Thomas Hardy, the 'moment of being' of Virginia Woolf and Dorothy Richardson – and the 'super-consciousness' sought by Colin Wilson.
    Thus Del-Rivo, despite the largely monochrome world she depicts, wants to deal with crucial questions of consciousness, as do Wilson and Taylor, in their different ways. The uniting theme of the three works is the limiting consciousness of the quotidian, and how these limits might be transcended. 'It is not enough for the human consciousness to expand beyond it's own narrow existence,' ponders Harry Preston. 'It wants to penetrate simultaneously into every other existence in the universe.' A truly remarkable statement to be found in a novel written more than half a century ago, and amazingly resonant with consciousness theory today, but indicative of Wilson's lifelong preoccupation.
    Preston meets an out-of-work actor who launches into a tirade after watching people hurrying to work in the rain: 'They'd got caught in the big machine. They didn't know what it was like to be alive, to be free ... And what's the good of telling 'em they've all been twisted out of shape?' It's a speech that could equally well come from Baron's Court or The Furnished Room.
    Being an avid Wilson fan, I'd read Adrift in Soho before, and it was a pleasure to read his second novel again and this time compare it to the Taylor and Del-Rivo works. It's probably no accident that Del-Rivo's nihilist anti-hero is named Beckett, nor that his nemesis is named Dyce. The Furnished Room is generally pessimistic in tone, while Adrift in Soho is indubitably optimistic; Baron's Court, essentially a comic novel with a smattering of the picaresque, kept me chuckling.
    Turning from Taylor to Wilson, you find yourself in the presence of a much more powerful intellect and a writer deeply interested in the inner life. In contrast to Baron's Court, there's little humour in Adrift in Soho with Wilson's characters reflecting different aspects of his philosophical concerns; this is a novel of ideas, typical, in that respect, of Wilson's oeuvre, and replete with literary allusions. What humour there is, is sardonic, and this is also true of The Furnished Room.
    Harry Preston ('pressed on', perhaps) arrives in London from the provinces in the mid-1950s looking for excitement and begins to make sense of his life and the world within a ragtag milieu of struggling artists and hopeless romantics. Of course, the first book from the internationally best-selling Wilson, now 80, was the The Outsider, a philosophical study of alienation, published in 1956 when he was still only 24.
    Like Adrift in Soho, The Furnished Room is set in the bedsitland of Notting Hill and Earls Court. It tells the story of an aimless young drifter who gets involved in a murder plot to make himself feel alive. The book was made into the 1963 Michael Winner film West 11, set in a gloomy Notting Hill and starring Alfred Lynch, Eric Portman and Diana Dors. Laura Del-Rivo, now 77, can still be found running her market stall in London's Portobello Road.
    In his introduction to Baron's Court, London writer Stewart Home tells how he came to champion the reissue of the novel and eventually tracked down Terry Taylor, now 76, who was a friend of Home's mother in the 1960s. Home describes Baron's Court as a 'far-out drugs novel' – it's the first British novel to mention LSD – and ahead of its time: an unnamed teenager opts for drug-dealing, thinking it will bring meaning to his life.
    A sub-genre of the 'working-class novel' of the 1950s and early 1960s, the three novels in their new editions seem to call for a re-evaluation of the literary scene of the time.
 
The Burning PathThe Burning Path: The Windsmith Elegy Volume 4
Kevan Manwaring
Awen Publications UK £9.99
 
For Kevan Manwaring, his Windsmith saga is 'mythic reality', not merely an addition to the fantasy genre of contemporary literature. In these books, he opens a gateway to an existential vista, sharing with us the strange new worlds of his inner travels.
    He is a mythical thinker. His mythical sensibility pervading these 'bardic novels' reveals a powerful vision of life and existence as boundless potentiality, and portrays the freedom and power of human intentionality to produce an expansion of consciousness.
    In the first book of the series, The Long Woman (2004), aviator Isambard Kerne wakes in the parallel universe of Shadow-World after his aircraft is shot down in the First World War. A struggle begins against the forces of darkness, with Merlin as his mentor and magic as his weapon, leading to the liberation of a besieged Albion as the ultimate challenge.
    The Burning Path sees punishing new ordeals for Isambard and his soulmate, 1930s aviatrix Amelia Earhart, with the desert imagery and metaphor particularly impressive. It is interesting to note, in this connection, that Manwaring worked on the book during a period as writer-in-residence at El Gouna, Egypt, on the Red Sea coast.
    The philosophical underpinning to Manwaring's narrative is important. Through the telling of Isambard's trials, Manwaring moves beyond the values and limits of the everyday to address the question of existence itself, the notion of existence seeming to be his standard of value, with the protagonist's mastering of the four winds symbolic of communion with an underlying divine energy in the cosmos.
    The Windsmith Elegy embraces a philosophy of intuition and extends the reader in the direction of selfhood – that quality that constitutes one's individuality – and reminds us of the bounds of 'normal' consciousness, but also of how it may be enlarged to satisfy the deepest human needs. In this context, it's not surprising that, in The Burning Path, allusions to the Romantic poets abound, for it was in that period that a great change in consciousness in Western civilization began.
    It is my belief that the authentic use of imagination, which seemed to begin with the Romantics, is to work with intellect and intuition to create new consciousness. Through his art, Manwaring achieves this, almost as an act of protest against the limitations of consciousness. He attempts to remedy the limitation with the creation of an alternative reality. Already a stirring tale, all of this makes the reading of The Burning Path all the more exciting.
See also Druids and Bards page.
 
Singing Up The CountrySinging Up The Country: The Songlines of Avebury and Beyond
Bob Trubshaw
Heart of Albion Press, UK £14.95
 
Bob Trubshaw sets out to 're-enchant' and re-mythologise the landscape around Avebury in a stirring book that takes the reader deep into the spirit of place and opens a doorway into the consciousness of our neolithic ancestors.
    He aims to create a ‘mindscape that someone in neolithic Britain might just recognise', he says, a platform which in turns helps us to start unravelling the mystery of the megaliths. He says he is not trying to establish ‘truths’ about the past, however,. but to illustrate how orally-transmitted traditions may have multiple levels of meaning. ‘I am simply inventing myths for the upper Kennet landscape, not attempting to rediscover them,’ he says.
    The book's title was inspired by The Songlines by the late Bruce Chatwin who, in 1983-84, researched the Aborigines Dreamtime myths and legends in the Australian outback. Chatwin describes a group of Aborigines who begin singing while journeying through the desert and, when asked, say they are 'singing up the country, boss. Makes the country come up quicker'.
    Trubshaw uses the term 'songlines' because, he says, since Chatwin’s book was published in 1987, it has ‘popularised awareness of such mythopoetic relationships with the landscape’. Indeed, ‘mythopoetic’ – and here one takes it that Trubshaw means the making of a myth or myths – is a significant word in Singing Up The Country, underlining the importance which the author places upon the recognition of myth in our lives. All mythology points to another plane existing alongside our own world, and which in some way supports it; consciousness itself can be regarded as mythopoetic, and each of us, if we find a myth to live by, can find our lives filled with meaning.
    Trubshaw, who has been active in academic and alternative approaches to archaeology for more than 20 years, has ten previous books to his name, mostly about folklore, mythology and the local history of Leicestershire – he moved from there to Avebury, to a house overlooking the great stones, in 2010. It is clear that, in the six years since his last book, he has not been idle, as his researches have extended into a variety of realms, from early Greek philosophy to Anglo-Saxon place-names, from medieval poetry to the significance of swan lore.
    A particularly fascinating aspect of the book is Trubshaw's investigation of the origin of place-names relevant to his studies, especially that of Kennet, the original meaning of which he finds is intricately bound up with the spiritualities of an ancestral homeland. In his final chapter, he draws together the threads of his thinking in a ‘songline’ for Avebury, a short piece of fiction which follows two ‘dreamtime’ Stone Age ancestors on a journey up the River Kennet to the hallowed domains.
 
Panpsychism: the Philosophy of the Sensuous Cosmos
Panpsychism: The Philosophy of the Sensuous Cosmos
Peter Ells
O-Books UK £12.99 / US $22.95

This is a valuable introduction to the concept of idealist panpsychism, which takes minds as being fundamental and reclassifies 'matter' as being nothing more than the empirical existence of minds to other minds. Ells is to be congratulated on an important philosophical work which offers a convincing new way of approaching the big questions of life and existence.
    Within consciousness studies, in which Ells is closely involved, the implications of idealist panpsychism are significant for our attempts to understand the nature of consciousness. Indeed, it removes the need to explain consciousness, as such, because it is fundamental to the universe. But it does suggest that field theories of consciousness are on the right lines.
    Panpsychism regards every spatio-temporal thing as having a mental, or experiential, aspect, although there will be degrees to which things have this inner subjective or quasi-conscious attribute. It could be markedly different to what we experience as consciousness, and only things which approach the complexity of human beings would have highly developed minds. Certainly, it is hard to see to what extent all spatio-temporal things have an inner 'mental' aspect within what necessarily would be a vast hierarchy. But panpsychists assert this is so because they cannot see how consciousness can be caused by, or composed from, matter.
    Ells reminds us that the materialist or physicalist metaphor is that the universe and everything in it, including ourselves, is a deterministic machine, 'trapped from the beginning to the end of time on the rigid tracks of inviolable laws'. Physicalism has almost universal acceptance today because it is seen as being synonymous with science; but, under it, only the mechanisms of physics are important, and nothing else matters, and everything to do with the mind is an illusion. Ells argues that it is 'failed philosophical position' within which it is demonstrably impossible to explain consciousness.
    But in the sensuous cosmos, the essence of our being is that we can we experience the world in all its beauty and suffering – a world in which we actively participate as rational agents with authentic freedom. 'We are essentially a community of spiritual beings, interacting with one another and with other beings, all of them spiritual,' says Ells. This is an optimistic and existentially satisfying stance which dovetails with many people's deepest intuitions.